really thrifts my idea of living in a safe country i think it's the younger generation that teaching the next generation the legacy of hump really that i think that we have given young people especially on our policy because he is it's we actually pass the rule and we want to young people to know about the law because any was only four when the law was passed. and the old hands if i could see if it's interesting i swear to it. and that is. what. i have. is. that they were. not. think they knew that if all that. listening to the stories of people like mum and peacemakers and israel and the work that they've done is make it hard and i think that of say more ordinary citizens can make a difference and i feel that i can contribute to prevent the young people from

feeling a sense of powerlessness the pacifists remind them of the long crusade that made their country nuclear free and under neither confirm or deny you can feel the pride in me that we had governments and politicians prepared to go on those boats to go out there and actually protest i mean it was something we did as ordinary citizens working with governments you've got a partnership model that they have that is unusual i think right around the world. there was a notice it took another twelve years to get along a government that actually ran on a nuclear ticket at one. and then it was consolidated by the stupidity of the french in thinking that they would somehow stop this problem. but bombing remember worry what it did instead was it absolutely cemented it hope. remember that the british and australia on aboriginal lamed for that came from near

actually came over to new zealand not just from what was happening by the french entirely. the british preceded the french troops affair beginning in one thousand fifty two they tested their way into the very restricted nuclear bomb by the u.s.s.r. . with the assistance of the australian and new zealand military. is eventis picture and study. results demonstrated the presence of elevated chromosomal disturbances of new zealand veterans in the fifty years ago so they're basically saying they have suffered any damage and we spoke recently as a national conference here on disarmament when the daughter of one of the trends spycatcher father was too old to speak and she talked about growing up with that fear of having a child phone for food and even uneasy and because of the effects of radiation from

her father they exposed to nuclear tests in the pacific. and i'm lucky. i have three move children. and i don't live with the. i was so it was normal until i got to school and sit on the mitts and go around so i would appear. and most of the kids would say a mother to take her news and then i would say i and my mom tries to stop nuclear. because that's how i understood it. is. now working at the disarmament security center. back in the one nine hundred seventy s. when i was in and she submarine helicopters i was required to train my air crew in using this new to drop the bomb which we were given. if we ever had to

release it try to helicopter we could not escape before it doesn't it and so it was a suicide mission i asked a few questions i was reassured that we probably would never really have to use it it shocked me but i was ambitious no one else was complaining and we were told that this is the only way that britain could keep independence. i realize that. only later many years later of sam this was completely untrue. as a new convert against nuclear weapons i was looked upon with great school by the. peace movement in britain i tried to explain that i was not a psychopath my friends we are psychopaths and we are professional military men. who thought free deeply about what we did but i did agree with them the nuclear

weapon aspect was an aberration. and planning. he had a conscience to do something about these i can't imagine a guy around it's. what i just can't imagine and i see him so now so passionate about what he does that i just said nother rob well it's the ultimate cautionary tale but one of a says nothing like that. the always tend to overdo it because you really understand you know which of what is being proposed the pentagon. will say oh don't worry we have everyone well trained we have plenty of safety systems there can not be a accidental start of a nuclear war but no through weapons are built to be used the risk is not zero that

something might be going off by mistake especially with thousands of nuclear weapons on head trigger alert in the us and in russia if the united states. i think it's eleven atomic bombs accidentally. we dropped four off of spain we have dropped one note their weapon in a marsh here in the united states now still there has never found their nuclear nucular weapons are such a huge issue with such high risks associated with them that there's a natural tendency to play both sides. they say they're cutting back but at the same time they maintain extremely high numbers of weapons. given the number of near misses we are lucky to still be here the activists are convinced that an accident is pending ok and that the only valid security system is the total abolition of

nuclear weapons in ninety six when we began the swell project idea there was this dream if you say i'm going to clean it with friends and legal in everywhere else in the world by going to the world course we could get the conscience of the ordinary citizen around the world saying these are against the moral conscience of people it's an illegal to use nuclear weapon tomorrow and the dream was that it would be easy to get it through the u.n. and into the world court and that eventually these weapons would be declared illegal as we had done in our own country and thank goodness that we were dreamers and i'm realistic. but that we were both stood by the sense of heart that this could happen but the real sources of international treaties customary international law and the general principles of law recognized by the legal systems of the world . that quite categorical on the batting of nuclear weapons and the legality of

nuclear weapons the fact that nuclear weapons cannot be used by way of a strike threat. you know the most the. threat or use of force. by means of nuclear weapons and that is going to lead to article two paragraph four of the united nations charter and article fifty one is unlawful. nucular deter and says we have nuclear weapons but our goal is not to use them if they. use our goal is to have them at our disposal. this means that we are not in the realm of the real we are in the realm of the virtual need don't know what you're going to add it is contrary to international law even to have in one's acidulous this rep

and because the purpose of the weapon is to use it as a threat or as an actual weapon the nuclear powers our alliances like nato still rely on nuclear deterrence which is threat and so the fight continues i was on a panel with a senior advisor to the british government about nuclear policy and he's pro nuclear. and we were debating about. the world court opinion and whether nuclear deterrence was legal and he was extremely cynical he said that . it was a mistake to go into the courts but governments would ignore it and that's true they have. and he of the he relied on all the time was he said and of course we never actually will have to use them and the to me is the heart of the problem for the people who brought you to terence is that if they try to claim

a level use nun's terrorist doesn't work we're meant you would argue that terence does mean use of it is a use of a nuclear weapon to actually threaten to use them and that's when you went to the will cause the first time you four to get that threat you know and this isn't it it was the south pacific noise and the activists that i get to have threesome cleared in their original question if you have included threats then the. nuclear states could but argued well we're only relying terence which is threat and so we're not going to use i would take from him the. way to from here is going to go back to the court rules which are. at the time the judges agreed unanimously on the requirement for total nuclear disarmament the activists are fighting ted that opinion on and. this is. what i understand that they lewis and others wanting to do is to use the unanimous part of the opinion and i

wanted to say to new zone how can we make that stronger how can we you know what are they doing that state practice that is still illegal. is it your understanding of it as a man that they're looking for some new lever to put more pressure on the liquid states to comply and design completely not just to reduce. yes on nuclear weapons in fact it's reverse since the world court decision the americans particularly have come out and said that. they see new roles for nuclear weapons and so we're back to almost like a sort of cold war situation again but with the war on terror instead and so it's going to be far more difficult to get governments to put their heads over the parapet the nonproliferation treaty does provide a framework for ending the threat of destruction of the species for the greater war and the signing sign or states they agree to take

a good faith effort to eliminate nuclear weapons none of them lived up to that and now of course we focus on revelations by others those who are like policemen on the word scene i am talking of the nuclear powers they are violating this very little which they want other countries to observe now what if a policeman violates the law he cannot expect the rest of the hood to complain but the law of the only system that would work would be one that is perceived to be nondiscriminatory and fair and equally applying to all countries one approach that has followed these days is you know dividing the worry between friends court and court good countries and court and court bad or roll countries or even to do with that approach doesn't work it doesn't take too much to remember that in the one nine hundred eighty s. daboll sand in iraq was

a friend of the west. we stood on intelligence agencies that the invasion of iraq would spur. nuclear proliferation and terror for good reasons these are the only means of deterrence of others. and nobody's going to turn to the united states where the us spends about as much as the rest of the world. are spending so the only way to turn a. nuclear weapons and turn. the activists are understandably anxious as a result of the nuclear posture review in this classified u.s. military document the security guarantees that protected countries without nuclear weapons against a nuclear offensive are cancelled a strategy of action is being adopted in addition to deterrence so the arsenals must be upgraded to make them easier to use france and britain have responded with surprising enthusiasm to this nuclear renaissance that the united kingdom

is going to pretend that it needs nuclear weapons for its survival or its security who is attacking the united kingdom so i have got the very strange idea that because there's terrorists in the world we need to have nuclear weapons can they use nuclear weapons against terrorists but it would that not be rather like shooting musk eaters with camels i think the british would make a much bigger splash in the history of the world if they decided that they let the program expire we are still fighting the poli war between britain and france because when i finally cornered. any senior british military man these days and ask him why do you need nuclear weapons they say every time it's nothing to do with security it's nothing to do with the russians it's to do with the french we cannot allow france to be the only

european nuclear power. and there is this fear that britain will become like president if they're going to be free there will be. of no consequence in the world . even though i do this work i constantly keep in mind that discussion that we have to have talking about the reality of needs here we parents and three sometimes i just want i just i've had enough. and lose heart but at the same time i think. something has to be and if i have the position that i can do something i will. now commence generation's i go about the foods and things and said now you know i don't know many you guys from one of the young people i speak to a movie i go out there in person. and i think they also include different names on

. it and some new engines online now if you can sign up which is and i've got a shame but i think that belonging in the pages in which comes from live sort of projects go on and people solidarity emerges from it which i don't think exists so much among young people not a lot it just. before the invasion of iraq there were millions of people protesting and still you know there's a million people around and i'm interested into water so i mean it's not necessarily it's you go to convince the public so you may have all the pub sides i knew we were going to be side you know we're going to be here and without going to be reassuring to our country then i think they mobilize action that would occur would be huge and many steps here like no one's turning away anything at moment because it's kind of the feeling is still there the kind of pace down. there. but i also think that a lot of young people that aspect might be interested in some of these issues but

it's not that complex and they're overwhelmed by all of us here resentment but the made them and what do you do it isn't going to guard the peace movement can say to humanity you know if you keep spending a trillion dollars a year on weapons of venture you're going to blow every. you know people are dying from these weapons but until we actually see it people don't don't wake up to it. in two thousand and six canadian activists tried to drum up public interest in nuclear disarmament world wide military expenditures had risen to more than one trillion dollars this was a traumatic event for those who took to the streets during the cold war. the anti nuclear movement of the early one nine hundred eighty s. is probably the most the largest and most effective nonviolent peace movement in history and successful i'm in the united states was moving towards shore increase in offensive nuclear capacities and

it girl was forced to back down in fact of the reagan administration was forced to adopt the rhetoric of the peace movement in order to continue with their programs that's where star wars comes from and we're not planning to attack anyone or just planning to eliminate nuclear weapons if you measured the peace movement by the number of people who march in one thousand nine hundred two there were one million marched in central park in new york at the height of the cold war. last year there were forty thousand who marched at the review conference of the nonproliferation treaty well the big difference in numbers true is the peace movement lost its organization totally significantly but the lesson there is very clear a mass violent political movement can change rooms. and the

importance of nuclear proliferation very much one. are even aware of or concerned with what a surprise to discover a fifteen year old concerned by the outcome of the nonproliferation treaty is name is rafael even though. i'd just like to say that you and your speech is now serving part of my school. right here. and i like to play. right through it once i actually found out how bad it was three different people who really made it clear to me speakers. and internet research which shocked me and i watched it smash were very last stage to have a speaker all the way from new york. she is an activist disarmament educator producer your advisor on the list just keeps going there's different warm welcome for kathleen. ok the effectiveness of

a social movement is sometimes very surprising and hard to track but it also depends on the creativity of the of the social movements themselves in the activists involved with ideas and images and stories and that's why we sailed boats into nuclear test songs they've kind of surmised that all the weapons used in the second world war are equivalent to sri megatons that includes the two nuclear weapons used on hiroshima and nagasaki all the bombs in the bullets. that represents all of the firepower of the second world war ok so now i'm going to give you another sound and this second sound is the equivalent firepower of the world's nuclear arsenal today but it's.

the only way forward that would make sense and would stop this madness rush for seeking the capability to make nuclear weapons is for those countries that have nuclear weapons to find a way to give them up and to rely for security non-nuclear means. and when i say

a mad rush over the past couple of weeks five or six countries have indicated that they might be interested in developing a capability to enrich uranium australia canada the ukraine kazakhstan south africa. these countries sense that why should they be left behind canada is interested in the small level of richmond very far away from a nuclear weapons capability but the technology for enrichment nonetheless is the same we sometimes for for to it as a latent proliferation you put in place all the technologies to make nuclear weapons but you stop at a much lower level. orders today as part in all this we were third or that our dedication to peacekeeping as a percentage of gross domestic product is now dropped down to late we used to be leading the world in the battle against nuclear proliferation and we were little

leading countries in the world in the battle against the weaponization of space canada has very little space in which to. make progress because. it's a member of nature and nature is a neutral lots just like mafia that have signed on to us clearly name in foreign policy that the best policy military policy has been changed dramatically and we canadians are big trouble in terms of birth historical commitment to peace and disarmament. every. thing is in place to proceed with disarmament when one hundred eighty eight countries committed to disarm they sent the shining message that goodwill could prevail but so far the governments choose to spend billions perfecting this terminal threat rather than fighting poverty or global warming. will future generations heirs to the thousands of bombs be as lucky as their parents will be live without seeing

a nuclear explosion either by accident or by design maybe maybe not. but until the treaties and international law are on may the bond be with.

in india is the move to join. the gateway hotel the grand imperial truly. socialist.

to go and. run this in the kennel was a hotel retreat. the. cable has forced rescuers to restart the complicated operation to lift the massive bulgaria cruiser that sank a week ago one hundred twenty nine lives. the murdoch media scandal claims another scalp as britain's top cop quits over connections to journalists suspected of bribery and phone hacking the. libyan rebels have been recognized as the legitimate governing authority in the country by the u.s. and thirty other countries but colonel gadhafi remains defiant and valves never to leave libya as nato airstrikes continue. and a transatlantic cash crunch as america struggles to raise its debt ceiling and to avert a default while the euro crisis spreads having more pressure on the single currency

. and bringing you the top news headlines from around the world this is r t direct from russia's capital moscow. russian emergency crews are to restart efforts to lift of the wreck of a sunken cruiser which went down in the river volga last week killing one hundred twenty nine people including many children a cable snapped during recovery efforts which have had to restart the cruise or bulgaria went down in minutes leaving most of the two hundred eight passengers no chance of escape in one of russia's worst ever shipping disasters are reports from the site of a catastrophe. as if to demonstrate just how difficult recovering the ball gary is going to be the cable holding it just snapped with a norm mighty bang the crane holding it rocked backwards and the cable whips up

against the side of the ship that cable was there to try and support the ship to try and write it before they began lifting the ship with other straps the later to be put under it has served to demonstrate just how difficult and dangerous this operation is going to be if there were divers under there they could have been in great danger from the snapping cable they'd previously been trying to turn the ship round to get into position in order that they could right the ship and then bring it up to the surface but there's a lot of other complications involved very poor visibility a lot of weight involved and a long a long and lengthy process is going to be needed we were told just recently by a spokesman from the emergencies ministry it's going to take many days before they can begin to even start raising the ship that's going to come as a blow to all the investigators who were hoping for answers to come from the raising of the ship and all the relatives and survivors waiting on the bank for some news of the remaining fifteen bodies a mountain of cuddly toys.